{
 "meta": {
  "title": "Household Water Leaks in America, by Metro",
  "generatedAt": "2026-10-28",
  "source": {
   "name": "U.S. Census Bureau and HUD, 2023 American Housing Survey, National and Metropolitan Public Use Files v1.1",
   "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data/2023/ahs-2023-public-use-file--puf-.html",
   "files": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/2023/",
   "accessed": "2026-10-28"
  },
  "universe": "Occupied housing units",
  "confidence": "90% margin of error (1.645 x replicate-weight SE)",
  "minSample": 800,
  "metrosPublished": 20,
  "unlistedCbsaCodes": [],
  "items": {
   "leakInside": "Water leaked in from inside the home in the past 12 months",
   "leakPipes": "Inside leak: pipes leaked",
   "leakFixtures": "Inside leak: plumbing fixtures backed up or overflowed",
   "leakWaterHeater": "Inside leak: broken water heater",
   "leakOutside": "Water leaked in from outside in the past 12 months",
   "leakRoof": "Outside leak: through the roof",
   "leakBasement": "Outside leak: into the basement",
   "leakWalls": "Outside leak: walls, closed windows or doors",
   "anyLeak": "Any inside or outside leak in the past 12 months",
   "mold": "Mold larger than a sheet of letter paper in the past 12 months",
   "noWater": "Completely without running water in the past 3 months",
   "toiletsOut": "Every toilet broken or stopped up in the past 3 months"
  },
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "attribution": "HearthDry (2026). Household Water Leaks in America, by Metro. https://hearthdry.com/research/household-water-leaks-by-metro"
 },
 "national": {
  "homes": 133230777,
  "sample": 48527,
  "leakInside": {
   "pct": 8.4,
   "moe": 0.3,
   "homes": 11215000
  },
  "leakPipes": {
   "pct": 3.7,
   "moe": 0.2,
   "homes": 4864000
  },
  "leakFixtures": {
   "pct": 2.0,
   "moe": 0.1,
   "homes": 2659000
  },
  "leakWaterHeater": {
   "pct": 0.8,
   "moe": 0.1,
   "homes": 1049000
  },
  "leakOutside": {
   "pct": 8.8,
   "moe": 0.3,
   "homes": 11757000
  },
  "leakRoof": {
   "pct": 4.4,
   "moe": 0.2,
   "homes": 5831000
  },
  "leakBasement": {
   "pct": 2.1,
   "moe": 0.2,
   "homes": 2793000
  },
  "leakWalls": {
   "pct": 1.8,
   "moe": 0.1,
   "homes": 2456000
  },
  "anyLeak": {
   "pct": 15.4,
   "moe": 0.3,
   "homes": 20536000
  },
  "mold": {
   "pct": 2.9,
   "moe": 0.2,
   "homes": 3908000
  },
  "noWater": {
   "pct": 3.5,
   "moe": 0.2,
   "homes": 4647000
  },
  "toiletsOut": {
   "pct": 1.7,
   "moe": 0.1,
   "homes": 2287000
  }
 },
 "groups": {
  "Homes with any leak": {
   "homes": 20536033,
   "sample": 7399,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 54.6,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 11215000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 23.7,
    "moe": 1.0,
    "homes": 4864000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 12.9,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 2659000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 5.1,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 1049000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 57.3,
    "moe": 1.3,
    "homes": 11757000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 28.4,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 5831000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 13.6,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 2793000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 12.0,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 2456000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 100.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 20536000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 10.5,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 2147000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 7.7,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 1582000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 5.4,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 1102000
   }
  },
  "Homes with no leak": {
   "homes": 112694744,
   "sample": 41128,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 0.0,
    "moe": 0.0,
    "homes": 0
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 1.6,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 1761000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.7,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 3065000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.1,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 1186000
   }
  },
  "Owner-occupied": {
   "homes": 86852745,
   "sample": 28192,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 7.3,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 6331000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 3.2,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 2751000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 1.8,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 1544000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.8,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 698000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 9.2,
    "moe": 0.4,
    "homes": 8025000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.6,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 3958000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 2.7,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 2321000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 1.4,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 1251000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 14.9,
    "moe": 0.4,
    "homes": 12959000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 1.8,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 1599000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.7,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 2308000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.0,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 886000
   }
  },
  "Renter-occupied": {
   "homes": 46378032,
   "sample": 20335,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 10.5,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 4884000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 4.6,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 2112000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.4,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 1115000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.8,
    "moe": 0.1,
    "homes": 352000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 8.0,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 3733000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.0,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 1873000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 1.0,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 473000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 2.6,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 1206000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 16.3,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 7577000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 5.0,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 2309000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 5.0,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 2339000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 3.0,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 1401000
   }
  }
 },
 "metros": [
  {
   "cbsa": "17140",
   "metro": "Cincinnati",
   "state": "OH",
   "homes": 906686,
   "sample": 1744,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 10.6,
    "moe": 1.1,
    "homes": 96000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 3.9,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 35000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.5,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 22000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 1.7,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 16000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 12.9,
    "moe": 1.4,
    "homes": 117000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.4,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 40000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 5.9,
    "moe": 1.0,
    "homes": 53000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 2.9,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 26000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 21.5,
    "moe": 1.6,
    "homes": 195000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 3.2,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 29000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.8,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 25000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.9,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 17000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "47900",
   "metro": "Washington, DC",
   "state": "DC",
   "homes": 2436396,
   "sample": 1732,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 13.5,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 328000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 5.8,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 142000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 3.2,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 78000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 1.3,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 32000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 9.0,
    "moe": 1.3,
    "homes": 220000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.0,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 98000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 1.9,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 47000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 2.1,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 52000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 20.3,
    "moe": 1.5,
    "homes": 494000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 3.1,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 75000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 4.6,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 113000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.5,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 37000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "19740",
   "metro": "Denver",
   "state": "CO",
   "homes": 1240251,
   "sample": 1869,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 12.0,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 149000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 4.5,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 56000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 3.3,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 41000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 1.2,
    "moe": 0.4,
    "homes": 15000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 10.1,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 125000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 3.4,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 42000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 2.6,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 32000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 3.6,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 44000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 19.7,
    "moe": 1.7,
    "homes": 244000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 1.8,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 22000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 4.5,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 55000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.6,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 20000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "37980",
   "metro": "Philadelphia",
   "state": "PA",
   "homes": 2505363,
   "sample": 1417,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 9.9,
    "moe": 1.4,
    "homes": 248000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 4.5,
    "moe": 1.0,
    "homes": 113000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.3,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 58000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.8,
    "moe": 0.4,
    "homes": 19000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 11.9,
    "moe": 1.5,
    "homes": 297000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 5.3,
    "moe": 1.1,
    "homes": 134000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 4.6,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 114000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 2.2,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 56000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 18.7,
    "moe": 1.7,
    "homes": 468000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 2.8,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 69000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.3,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 57000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.3,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 33000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "35620",
   "metro": "New York",
   "state": "NY",
   "homes": 7934562,
   "sample": 2362,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 10.4,
    "moe": 1.3,
    "homes": 822000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 4.7,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 373000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.2,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 174000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.4,
    "moe": 0.2,
    "homes": 35000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 10.6,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 841000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.7,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 375000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 1.9,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 152000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 2.8,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 219000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 18.4,
    "moe": 1.7,
    "homes": 1457000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 4.2,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 332000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 4.4,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 351000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 2.6,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 206000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "14460",
   "metro": "Boston",
   "state": "MA",
   "homes": 1976248,
   "sample": 1870,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 8.9,
    "moe": 1.1,
    "homes": 177000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 3.3,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 65000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.1,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 42000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.8,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 17000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 10.8,
    "moe": 1.2,
    "homes": 214000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.1,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 81000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 5.1,
    "moe": 1.0,
    "homes": 102000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 1.6,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 31000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 18.1,
    "moe": 1.6,
    "homes": 358000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 2.8,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 55000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.4,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 48000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 2.3,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 46000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "41860",
   "metro": "San Francisco",
   "state": "CA",
   "homes": 1791285,
   "sample": 1888,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 7.3,
    "moe": 1.1,
    "homes": 130000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 3.3,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 59000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 1.6,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 28000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.5,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 8000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 12.4,
    "moe": 1.3,
    "homes": 222000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 5.7,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 102000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 1.1,
    "moe": 0.4,
    "homes": 20000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 4.5,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 81000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 17.7,
    "moe": 1.6,
    "homes": 317000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 4.6,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 82000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 4.5,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 81000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.5,
    "moe": 0.5,
    "homes": 28000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "19820",
   "metro": "Detroit",
   "state": "MI",
   "homes": 1753437,
   "sample": 1687,
   "leakInside": {
    "pct": 8.4,
    "moe": 1.1,
    "homes": 146000
   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 3.3,
    "moe": 0.8,
    "homes": 57000
   },
   "leakFixtures": {
    "pct": 2.2,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 39000
   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
    "pct": 0.6,
    "moe": 0.3,
    "homes": 11000
   },
   "leakOutside": {
    "pct": 10.4,
    "moe": 1.3,
    "homes": 182000
   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 4.4,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 77000
   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 5.1,
    "moe": 0.9,
    "homes": 89000
   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 1.7,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 30000
   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 16.5,
    "moe": 1.7,
    "homes": 289000
   },
   "mold": {
    "pct": 2.0,
    "moe": 0.6,
    "homes": 35000
   },
   "noWater": {
    "pct": 2.5,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 44000
   },
   "toiletsOut": {
    "pct": 1.9,
    "moe": 0.7,
    "homes": 32000
   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "17460",
   "metro": "Cleveland",
   "state": "OH",
   "homes": 911547,
   "sample": 1366,
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    "pct": 7.9,
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
    "pct": 2.5,
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
    "pct": 3.9,
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
    "pct": 4.4,
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   },
   "leakWalls": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "33340",
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
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   },
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "leakWalls": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
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   "cbsa": "31080",
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    "pct": 7.5,
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "leakWalls": {
    "pct": 3.8,
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
    "pct": 15.7,
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
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   "cbsa": "16980",
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "leakWalls": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "40140",
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "26420",
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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  },
  {
   "cbsa": "38060",
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   "sample": 1476,
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    "pct": 7.6,
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
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   },
   "noWater": {
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   },
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   }
  },
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   "cbsa": "42660",
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    "pct": 8.6,
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   },
   "leakPipes": {
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   },
   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "leakWalls": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
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   },
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   }
  },
  {
   "cbsa": "19100",
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   "homes": 3033798,
   "sample": 1813,
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   },
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   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
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   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   "anyLeak": {
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   },
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  },
  {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   "leakBasement": {
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   "anyLeak": {
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  },
  {
   "cbsa": "35380",
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   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
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   },
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   }
  },
  {
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   "leakFixtures": {
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   },
   "leakWaterHeater": {
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   },
   "leakOutside": {
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   },
   "leakRoof": {
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   },
   "leakBasement": {
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   },
   "anyLeak": {
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   },
   "mold": {
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   },
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   }
  }
 ]
}